Class: 2nd Year/12th Class/FA & FSc Part-2 Subjects: English (Book-2) Lesson No. 1: The Dying Sun Notes: Urdu Translation, Synonyms, Questions, and Answers, and multiple choice questions (MCQs) Board: All Punjab Boards (Lahore, Sargodha, Sahiwal, Faisalabad, Multan, Rawalpindi, GI Khan, Gujranwala)
The Dying Sun Notes | 2nd Year English
Words – Synonyms – Urdu meaning
- Immense (huge) – بہت بڑا
- Substance (stuff, material) – مادہ
- Rare (seldom) – کم یاب (جوکم ہو)
- Voyage (sea journey) – بحری سفر
- Tides (waves) – لہریں
- Certainty (assurance) – یقین
- Frightening (fearful) – ڈرانے والا
- Stretches (vastness) – پھیلاؤ‘ وسعت
- Scattered (spread here and there) – بکھرا ہوا
- Absolute Zero (minimum possible temperature) – کم سے کم درجہ حرارت
- Milky wave (group of stars) – کہکشاں
- Narrow (limited) – تنگ‘ محدود
- Radiation (produce rays) – شعاع پیدا کرنا
- Organism (living being) – زندہ چیزیں‘ وجود
- Complex (complicated) – پیچیدہ
- Planetary (relating to planets) – سیاروں کے متعلق
Urdu Translation
A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but most of them are so large that hundreds of thousands of earth could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there we find an immense star large enough to contain millions and millions of earth. And the total number of stars in the universe is probably something like the total number of grains of sand on all the seashores of the world. Such is the littleness of our home in space when measured up against the total substance of the universe.
These millions of stars are wandering about in space. A few form groups which journey in company, but most of them travel alone. And they travel through a universe so immense that it is a very, very rare event indeed for one star to come anywhere near to another/For the most part each star makes its voyage in complete loneliness, like a ship on an empty ocean. In a scale model in which the stars are ships, the average ship will be well over a million miles from its nearest neighbour. From this, it is easy to understand why a star seldom finds another anywhere near it.
We believe, however, that some two thousand million years ago this rare event took place, and that another star, wandering blindly through space, happened to come near the sun. Just as the sun and moon rise tides on the earth, so this second star must have raised tides on the surface of the sun. But they would be very different from the• little tides which the small mass of the moon raises in our oceans; an immense tidal wave must have traveled over the surface of the sun, at last forming a mountain so high that we can hardly imagine it. As the cause of the disturbance came nearer and nearer, the mountain would rise higher and higher. And before the second star began to move away again, its tidal pull had become so powerful that this mountain was torn to pieces and threw off small parts of itself into space. These small pieces have been going around the sun ever since. They are the planets, great and small, of which our earth is one.
The sun and the other Stars we see in the sky are all extremely hot – far too hot for life to exist on them. So also no doubt the pieces of the sun when they were first thrown off. Gradually they became cooler, until now they have very little heat of their own left, their warmth coming almost entirely from the radiation which the sun pours down on them. In course of time, one of these cooling pieces gave birth to live. We do not know how, when, or why this happened. It started in simple organisms, whose living power consisted chiefly in their being able to reproduce themselves before dying. But from these humble beginnings came a stream of life which, growing ever more and more complex, has in the end produced beings whose lives are largely centered in their feelings and ambitions, their sense of beauty, and the religions in which lie their highest hopes and noblest desires.
Although we cannot speak with any certainty, it seems most likely that the human race came into existence in some such way. as this. Standing on our little grain of sand, we try to discover the nature and purpose of the universe which surrounds our home in space and time. Our first feeling is something like fear. We find the universe frightening because of its immense distances which we do. not understand, frightening because of the stretches of time so great that we cannot imagine them, making the whole of human history so very small in comparison, frightening because of our extreme loneliness, and because of the littleness of our home in space a millionth part of a grain of sand out of all the sea-sand in the world. But above all else, we find the universe frightening because we cannot find any sign that life like our own exists anywhere in it except on the earth. Indeed, for the most part, empty space is so cold that all life in it would be frozen. Most of the matter in space is so hot as to make life on it impossible. Life does not seem to have any part in the plan of the universe which produced our planetary system. Calculation shows that there can be only very few such systems in space.
Yet, so far as we can see, the life of the kind we know on earth can exist only on planets like the earth. It needs suitable physical conditions for its appearance, the most important of which is the temperature at which substances can exist in a liquid state. The stars themselves are far too hot for this. We may think of them as a collection of fires scattered through space, providing warmth in surroundings where the temperature is at most some four degrees above absolute zero, that is, about 484 degrees of frost on the Fahrenheit scale. In the immense stretches of space beyond the Milky Way, it is colder still. Away from the fires, there is this un-imaginable cold of hundreds of degrees of frost; close up to them there is a temperature of thousands of degrees, at which all solids melt, all liquids boil.
Life can exist only in a narrow belt surrounding each of these fires at a certain distance where the temperature is neither too hot nor too cold. Outside these belts life would be frozen; inside it would be burnt up. A rough calculatbn shows that ail such temperature belts, within which life is possible, all added together, make up less than a thousand milliön millionth part of the whole of space. And even inside them, life must be very rare, for it is extremely unusual for suns to throw off planets as our sun has done. Probably only one star in 100,000 has a planet going round it at the right distance for life to be possible on it.
Questions and Answers
Q.1: How is it that a star seldom finds another star near it?
Ans: Millions of stars are wandering about in space. A few form groups which journey in company, but most of them travel alone. And they travel through a universe so immense that it is a very, very rare event indeed for one star to come anywhere near to another. For the most part, each star makes its voyage in complete loneliness, like a ship on an empty ocean.
Q.2: What happened when, according to Sir James Jeans, a wandering star, wandering through space, came near the sun?
Ans: Years ago, a star wandering blinding through space, came near the sun. It must have raised tides on the surface of the sun and created a disturbance. As this star would have come nearer, the tides would have been higher and ultimately developed into big mountains. As the second star began to move away, its tidal pull had become so powerful that this mountain was torn to pieces and threw off small parts of itself into space our earth is one of those pieces.
Q.3: What happened when the wandering star came nearer and nearer?
Ans: Years ago, a star wandering blinding through space, came near the sun. It must have raised tides on the surface of the sun and created a disturbance. As this star would have come nearer, the tides would have been higher and ultimately developed into big mountains. As the second star began to move away, its tidal pull had become so powerful that this mountain was torn to pieces and threw off small parts of itself into space our earth is one of those pieces.
Q.4: What are planets and how did they come into existence?
Ans: Years ago, a star wandering blinding through space, came near the sun. It must have raised tides on the surface of the sun and created a disturbance. As this star would have come nearer, the tides would have been higher and ultimately developed into big mountains. As the second star began to move away, its tidal pull had become so powerful that this mountain was tom to pieces and threw off small parts of itself into the space our earth is one of those pieces.
Q.5: Why is there no life on the stars?
Ans: Life needs a suitable temperature to exist, a temperature at which substance can exist in liquid form. The stars are for too hot for this. Life can exist only on earth becäuse here the temperature is neither too hot nor too cold.
Q.6: Write a note on the beginning of life on earth.
Ans: We do not know how and when life came into existence. It must have started in the form of a simple organism, whose living power consisted chiefly in their being able to reproduce before dying. From these humble beginnings came a stream of life, which grows ever more and more complex and has in the end produced human beings.
Q.7: Why is the universe, of which our earth is a part, so frightening? Give as many as you can.
Ans: We find the universe frightening because of its immense distance which we do not understand, frightening because of the stretches of time so great that we cannot imagine them. making the whole of human history so very small in comparison, frightening because of our extreme loneliness, and because of the littleness of our home in space, a millionth part of the grain of sand out of al! the sea -stand in the world. But above all else, we find the universe frightening because we cannot find any sign that life! like our own exiSts anywhere in it except on the earth.
Q.8: What, in your opinion, should be the conditions necessary, for the kind of life we know to exist on other heavenly bodies? Do such conditions generally exist?
Ans: There are certain conditions necessary for life to exist, along with water, food, and air, a temperature at which substances can exist in liquid form. On the planets which are very close to the sun, life would be burnt up, and away from it, life would be frozen. The earth • is the only place, where the temperature is neither too hot nor too cold.
Additional Questions and Answers
Q.1: What is the littleness of our earth as compared to the universe?
Ans: A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but most of them are so large that hundreds of thousands of earth could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there we find an immense star large enough to contain millions and millions of earth. And the total number of stars in the universe is probably something like the total Humber of grains of sand on all the seashores of the total substance of the universe.
Q.2: What are stars and planets?
Ans: The stars burn particles in space. They wander about in the space. Sometimes they travel alone and sometimes they form groups. Sometimes a star breaks and throws off its pieces in space. These pieces revolve around its star. These moving particles are called planets.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. According to James Jeans the earth came into existence.
A. Two thousand million years of age
B. Three thousand million years of age
C. One thousand million years of age
D. Four thousand million years of age
2. The space in the Milky is immensely cold. Replace the underlined phrase with any of the following.
A. A group of Stars
B. A group of Planets
C. A group of Moons
D. A group of Shining particles
3. The stars are immense balls of fire. The underlined word can be replaced by
A. Tiny
B. Huge
C. Small
D. Burning
4. The building is made of bricks and stones. The underlined word is a/an
A. Material Noun
B. Verb
C. Adjective
D. Adverb
5. Beauty is a nine-day wonder. The underlines word is a/an
A. Proper Noun
B. Adjective
C. Abstract Noun
D. Common Noun
6. Our team won the match. The underlined word is a/an
A. Verb
B. Proper Noun
C. Abstract Noun
D. Collective Noun